Editor’s note: This story is part of Peak, The Athletic’s new desk covering leadership, personal development and success through the lens of sports. Peak aims to connect readers to ideas they can ...

Providing environmental enrichment should improve their welfare, and a consequence of this might be a reduction in the animal's motivation to leave an enriched cage. I examined this possibility by ...

1. Orientation -- Causation and the Search for Determinants -- Views Concerning the Nature of Motivation -- Points of View and Psychological Relativity -- 2. Forms and Determinants of Activity -- ...

It is necessary to assess, for each farm animal species and each housing system, whether animal welfare is at risk in any way if the behaviour observed differs from the behaviour that would occur in a ...

I've been studying various aspects of animal behavior, especially in mammals, for many decades and have always felt uneasy about how cultural values have limited our true understanding of the dynamics ...