In the quirky quantum world, particles can be affected by forces that they never directly encounter. A classic example is the Aharonov–Bohm (AB) effect, where electrons are affected by a magnetic ...
Fig. 2: Interference of plane waves can create topological structures by water spin, polarization, velocity and displacement. a, A single plane wave propagating along the x axis carrying ...
Quantum interference, in particular, plays a key role. It occurs when different pathways that a molecule can take overlap, resulting in specific patterns of interaction: some pathways amplify each ...
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