At its core, SPM operates on the principle of measuring interactions between a sharp probe and the surface of a material. As the probe scans across the surface, it detects variations in physical ...

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) encompasses a diverse range of techniques that enable the interrogation of surfaces with atomic-scale precision. These methods, including atomic force microscopy (AFM), ...

(a) A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the nanoneedle probe used for the measurements. (b) Elasticity map of a 1 µm × 1 µm area on the nuclear surface, showing the change in elasticity ...