One of the questions that hobbyists ask over and over is how to select the value of a current limiting resistor for an LED. Usually the seat of the pants response is: “Subtract 2 V from the supply ...

This file type includes high resolution graphics and schematics. LED-based lighting is replacing incandescent and gas-discharge lamps in many situations. As practical lighting sources, and considering ...

• The inductance in a stepper-motor phase winding limits how fast current rises when power is applied. • Series-resistor current limiting needs higher voltages for faster step rates, but higher ...

A Zener diode can be used as an overvoltage protector that shunts fault current through ground via a current-limiting resistor (Figure 2). Note that the Zener protection is effective only if the Zener ...